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"Philrice (Philippine Rice Research Institute) released it. It's now being planted in Bukidnon and Laguna," said International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) deputy director William G. Padolina in an interview.

IRRI, a little reluctant to label that the rice called Maligaya Special (MS 13), is "iron-rich," stressed the commercialization of the bio-fortified rice as approved by the National Seed Industry Council will continue to undergo evaluation, testing, and improvement.

"We're saying this is just an initial release. As time goes, we'll be releasing improved bio-fortified rice. We don't want to say it's iron rice, and then its price will go up so that only the rich can afford. Who's going to buy it? Our aim is to improve iron content without labelling," said Dr. Glenn Gregorio, IRRI scientist.

IRRI started developing the bio-fortified rice in 1996 and was in fact a flagship program of then Estrada administration. While rice is basically all starch, some varieties have higher iron level. Here, an iron-rich rice variety from Africa was crossed with a progeny that is high-yielding and iron-rich.

This has more than double iron content from 1.5 parts per million (PPM) to five PPM while zinc content is also double. Increased zinc content in the rice variety itself is beneficial for the plant, for insects, and for human since plant cannot readily obtain zinc from the traditionally zinc-deficient soil.

Despite the development, rice breeders must continue developing the variety since iron content still falls below nutritional requirement of iron-deficient population.

Besides, absorption of iron of the body can be a major hurdle.

"There's only 15 percent absorption which is very low," said Gregorio who stressed Filpinos with iron deficiency should both be given bio-fortified and an education on rice cooking practices.

To retain its iron content, rice must be washed only one or be cooked unwashed since any bacteria in it can be killed in boiling. Rice also has the iron in its coating which is lost in milling. Less rice milling is thus recommended since a 20-21 PPM iron content drops to one to 1.5 PPM with milling.

The bio-fortification of rice is seen as a long-term trend in rice breeding. Since it was established in 1965, IRRI has developed rice varieties resistant to pests and diseases, tolerant to drought or to salty water- all meant toward raising volume of rice production. But now, rice quality is more of the concern.

"Developing good quality rice is a potentially large area for very poor people," said Duncan Mckintosh, IRRI information chief.

To the bio-fortified rice's advantage is its high tolerance to tungro and its minimal fertilization requirement. It is very tough to weevil.

A future work is in developing protein-rich rice varieties.

"This will be more on lysine where we have deficiency. It will be genetic modification where protein gene will be transferred from corn or soybean," said Gregorio.

Brown rice is traditionally a source of richer protein in rice with its vitamins B1 or B2 in the bran, but some consumers do not prefer it because of its hard eating quality. Some local varieties, Milagrosa and Azucena, are rich in protein, too.

October 20, 2005.

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